Solar shingles use sunlight to generate electricity for your home very much like traditional photovoltaic (PV) solar panels. This article is about both solar shingles and solar panels. Even if you've already re-shingled, it's a perfect time to think about solar panels. You could save many thousands of dollars in energy bills, and help stop global warming!

We converted to solar in April, 2007. Because of dramatically increased incentives, 2009 and the next few years are THE BEST YEARS to go solar. Note that this this article was written in 2007, and some of the figures (like electric rates, prices, rebates, and labor) will have changed.

Why Go Solar?

Historically, converting to solar electricity was not financially beneficial; people usually lost money. One reason they did it anyway is that they wanted to reduce their contribution to pollution. Electricity seems like a clean energy, but it's actually one of the dirtiest. Greenhouse gases -- which lead to global warming -- and mercury both result from coal-fired power plants, which are collectively the largest source of these pollutants in the U.S.

If you're reading this, I probably don't have to sell you on the idea that global warming is coming. But did you know it's already here? Global warming is dramatically affecting people who live on Baffin Island in Canada today, not some ambiguous futuristic date. In 2007, a team of seven explorers took a four month dogsled journey across the island to document the changes taking place. For example, the Inuit get most of their food from hunting, and the season has been reduced by 40-50% because of loss of ice. The 11,000 native people of Baffin Island are the canaries in the coal mine of global warming.

Jean Bahr, chair of the Geology and Geophysics at UW-Madison, had solar shingles installed in late 2000. Solar prices were higher and financial incentives were less readily available then. She was the first in Madison to stay on the grid (rather than use batteries) under a process called net metering, where the utility purchases any excess energy at current market rates. I spoke with Jean, who also got hit by the hailstorm, and her system is running great! She said "My solar shingles fared better than the traditional shingles on my roof, which were installed at the same time."

But How Much Does it Cost?

Today, there are a couple of financial incentives which make this is an excellent time to go solar! They are:

• Focus on Energy (Wisconsin program): Was cash back for up to 25% of the purchase price. This no longer exists but since panels are so much less expensive, it's less necessary than when we went solar. Instead, they give you a flat $500.

• Federal Tax Incentive: Was 30% of the purchase price. When we went solar, there was a restrictive $2000 cap, but this doesn't exist anymore. However, 2019 was the last year for 30%. In 2020-2022, it's 26% and in 2023 it'll be 22%. After that, it goes away for residential solar.

We asked for two estimates from H&H Electric (no longer in business): one for solar shingles, and one for solar panels. Using the incentives, we saved $5200, and can cover 100% of our electricity usage for an investment (after incentives) of either:

• $12,600 for solar shingles (insurance money will reduce this to about $11,600), 103 Uni-Solar SHR-17 (17 watts each).

• $9400 for solar panels, 10 Kyocera KC-175 (175 watts each).

These figures include all the other hardware and installation. They exclude tax ($600 for panels), since I am excluding tax from our utility bill calculations below. The quote is for 1750 watts on the roof, which will initially generate more than 2100 kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year. A kWh is a measurement of an amount of electricity, like pounds is a measurement of weight. We use about 2000 kWh per year.

For anyone going solar now, there are two additional incentives since we went solar:

1. The system will cost less and the payback period will be shorter thanks to Bush's $700 billion bailout bill of 2008. This removed the $2000 cap on residential solar tax credits. We would've received $5200 in federal tax credits instead of $2000. This would've brought the price down to $6200; less than half the original price! This would cut the payback period by four years (to 11 years).

2. In Madison, a solar buy-back program that Madison Gas & Electric (MG&E) ran from 2008 - 2010(?) also shortened the payback period. They will purchase all of the electricity that a PV customer generates -- and pay them more than what they normally charge -- and sell it to others.

They pay 25 cents/kWh, but charge about 14 cents/kWh. Customers sell all of their electricity to MG&E who get the "green tags". (Some people may naturally balk at this, wanting to use their own energy. But our neighbors are already using most of the electricity we generate since we don't use much during the day.) The rate they charge will rise over time but the rate they pay will remain flat, so eventually it would make sense to leave the program.

The payback calculations assume:

• Electric rates rise 5.6% per year (this is based on actual rate changes during a recent eleven year period);

• The productivity of the shingles and panels drops 1% per year;

• There is one component that is likely to need replacement (around year 25): the inverter. The cost will be about $3000;

• We stay connected to the grid but switch to time-of-use metering and shift some of our load to off-peak (more on that below).

Time-of-Use Details

Something that helps shorten the payback period is the little-known fact that MG&E offers time-of-use (TOU) metering (you can get this whether or not you have PV). Choosing this, we'll pay about twice as much for electricity used during the week between 10am and 9pm (11 on-peak hours), but only about half as much the other 13 hours (off-peak). Weekends and holidays are at the off-peak rate. This works out to about 32% of the hours in a year are on-peak, and 68% are off-peak.

Financially, this will benefit us in two ways:

1. We will save money compared to normal rates because we will shift some of our usage (dehumidifier, freezer, and electric clothes dryer) off-peak. Let's call this "buying low". (Also, constant energy-sucking appliances, like the fridge, will cost 10% less to run since so many of the hours are off-peak.)

2. We will earn more money because we'll sell at the higher rate during the week; most of the electricity will be generated in the peak period. Let's call this "selling high".

The October, 2007 rates (in cents, including the distribution charge) are:

Payback Wrap-up - Free Electricity!

After 15 years, we will generate $7867 from selling high and save $1422 from buying low for a total of $9289, almost our $9400 investment. Everything after that is gravy, and according to my calculations we will save $10,700 in the subsequent ten years while the panels are still under warranty. They'll likely last longer; assuming they survive only another five years, this is a total of $15,400 saved. (It's entirely in the realm of possibility that they'll make it to 40 years, in which case we'd get $37,200 worth of free electricity!)

Could this be Considered a Financial Investment?

You bet! A different way to look at this whole equation is as a decent financial investment. According to my calculations, the return on our investment will be 8.6% for 25 years, 9.8% for 30 years, or 13.1% for 40 years, depending on how long everything lasts. This is more than our credit union pays. Plus we have to pay tax on interest we earn at the CU, but not on energy we generate. Unlike a traditional investment where we'd have to wait until it matures before we get anything, we'll get money back every month because there's no electric bill to pay. That's money we can invest elsewhere.

If we had benefited from the removal of the federal tax cap, these returns become 13.1%, 15.0%, 20.1% (25, 30, 40 years).

Solar Futures (and Past)

There are some exciting changes coming: higher efficiencies and lower prices are almost a certainty. This might tempt me to wait a few years before taking the solar plunge, but there are a few things that made me want to dive in right away.

• If we can break even with PV, that's good enough for me. That means that overnight our greenhouse gas contribution will drop dramatically. But what's remarkable is that PV can not only pay for itself, it will actually save a substantial amount of money in the long run.

• If we keep waiting for the next best thing, we'll never buy anything because it's always going to be improving. PV, like consumer electronics, will always get better and/or cheaper. However, as PV becomes more affordable, rebates will likely drop, making the net cost the same.

• Labor will go up, and the price of panels may actually rise from time-to-time due to high demand. In fact, our cost ended up being $1000 more than when I started researching it six months earlier.

This is somewhat of a tangent, but an important one. I'm really eager for battery electric cars or at least plug-in hybrids to appear on the market (Mother Earth News article). (PUH cars run on batteries for the first 40 miles, but do have a gas engine for longer trips.) Solar charging an electric vehicle is a technological marriage made in heaven. This could dramatically reduce pollution in this country and increase our energy independence.

In a largely symbolic move, President Reagan had the solar panels removed from the White House when he moved in, signaling a national mood swing away from renewable energy. If he had embraced PV instead, we might be driving solar charged electric cars today instead of being engaged in an unpopular war over oil.

Is Solar Right for You?

To help decide if solar is right for you in Wisconsin, check out the Focus on Energy website or give them a call at 800-762-7077. They'll help pay for a solar assessment of your house if your contractor doesn't provide it for free. If you're inclined to do your own research, here are some helpful resources.

• You can check out a watt meter from the library and measure power consumption of appliances in your home; search the library for the title keywords "watts energy meter" (it's called "Watt's Up?").

• energystar.gov helps you pick out the most efficient appliances.

• MG&E's website www.mge.com makes it easy to look at your past electricity usage. To use it you'll need a recent paper MG&E bill the first time.

The cost of going solar is proportional to how much electricity you use. If you find you're using a lot of electricity, compact fluorescent light bulbs are cheap and help tremendously (and have a much longer life). You only need to buy enough to replace your frequently used lights. New refrigerators use less than half the electricity of old ones built before 1993 (footnote 1). Fans use much less energy than an air conditioner. Al Gore has some other excellent suggestions in the October, 2006 Mother Earth News.

If the up-front costs are too high, here are two solutions:

1. Finance the project through a Home Equity loan. Think of it like this: instead of paying the electric bill every month, you'll make a monthly payment for the loan. (There are of course two differences: overnight you'll be generating much less pollution than using utility power, and you'll have free electricity after the loan is paid off.) This could result in a much quicker payback period, but the total saved over time will be less.

2. There's no law that says you have to go 100% solar; it's good to meet even part of your electricity needs with renewable energy. In fact, it might be better to aim lower; our utility pays dramatically less for electricity we generate if we generate more than we use over the course of a year (yes, this happened to us).

To help decide between traditional panels and solar shingles, here are five differences:

1. Panels lose efficiency from the summer heat; these calculations assume panels, so numbers will be somewhat better for shingles (the vendor claims up to 20% better);

2. Solar shingles tolerate partial shading much better than panels;

3. Panels take up less roof space, since they generate more energy per square foot;

4. For the moment, solar shingles are more expensive because of the extra labor involved (each seven foot shingle needs its own wiring);

5. Some people find solar shingles more attractive than panels, which may raise the value of your home more if you're thinking of selling.

If you're in the process of buying a house, that's a perfect time to convert to solar. If you can build this into your mortgage, then you can write it off on your taxes.

In Closing

Going solar is a win-win situation: we'll save money in the long run and we'll dramatically reduce our pollution contribution immediately. The payback period is currently around nine years for those living in Madison.

Here are some other little details all mushed together in one paragraph. There are plenty of sunny days here in the upper-Midwest for PV; these calculations are based on actual solar data collected over many years. The loss from snow cover is minimal since the snow slides off (2% loss for a roof at a 45 degree angle). There's almost no maintenance to PV, and it all runs automatically. What with the sun moving around the sky all day and all year, the angle towards the sun doesn't matter much; it's the amount of light hitting the panels that matters. (In fact, on a day with diffuse clouds the optimal position is not perpendicular to the sun, but rather parallel to the sky.) We have pretty much full sun exposure. Homes with solar sell for more. Squirrels chewed through and broke our wires; make sure installers prevent this by wrapping the wires, routing wires through conduit, or placing screening around the panels. If you have a medium or high income and/or have a lot of tax deductions, make sure the Alternative Minimum Tax doesn't affect your ability to claim the full federal tax credit.

Here is the spreadsheet I created so you can verify the numbers for yourself. You are welcome to use this for personal use only.

Footnote

1. We bought a Kenmore Elite fridge, Sears item #04674902000 (search for model 74952; it is 18.8 cubic feet). According to energystar.gov, this is the most energy-efficient regular-sized refrigerator available in the US, using even less energy (387 kWh per year) than many smaller units. We lucked out... in August, 2006, it was on "double" sale: $280 off, and then another 12% off during a two-day sales event.

Thanks for reading; please let me know if it was helpful!